Copyright
Copyright © 2018 by Anna-Lisa Cox
Hachette Book Group supports the right to free expression and the value of copyright. The purpose of copyright is to encourage writers and artists to produce the creative works that enrich our culture.
The scanning, uploading, and distribution of this book without permission is a theft of the author’s intellectual property. If you would like permission to use material from the book (other than for review purposes), please contact permissions@hbgusa.com. Thank you for your support of the author’s rights.
PublicAffairs
Hachette Book Group
1290 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10104
www.publicaffairsbooks.com
@Public_Affairs
First Edition: June 2018
Published by PublicAffairs, an imprint of Perseus Books, LLC, a subsidiary of Hachette Book Group, Inc. The PublicAffairs name and logo is a trademark of the Hachette Book Group.
The Hachette Speakers Bureau provides a wide range of authors for speaking events. To find out more, go to www.hachettespeakersbureau.com or call (866) 376-6591.
The publisher is not responsible for websites (or their content) that are not owned by the publisher.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Cox, Anna-Lisa, author.
Title: The bone and sinew of the land: America’s forgotten black pioneers and the struggle for equality / Anna-Lisa Cox.
Other titles: America’s forgotten black pioneers and the struggle for equality
Description: First edition. | New York: PublicAffairs, [2018] | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017056938| ISBN 9781610398107 (hardcover) | ISBN 9781610398114 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: African Americans—Northwest, Old—History. | African Americans—Indiana—History—19th century. | African Americans—Ohio—History—19th century. | Frontier and pioneer life—Northwest, Old. | Frontier and pioneer life—Indiana. | Frontier and pioneer life—Ohio. | African Americans—Social conditions—Northwest, Old. | Northwest, Old—History—1775-1865. | Northwest, Old—Race relations.
Classification: LCC E185.925 .C64 2018 | DDC 977/.0496073—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017056938
ISBNs: 978-1-61039-810-7 (hardcover), 978-1-61039-811-4 (ebook)
E3-20180517-JV-PC
Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Map
African American Farming Settlements in the Northwest Territory States, 1800–1860
Author’s Note
Introduction
1
“Life, Liberty”
2
Interlude: “We hold these truths to be self-evident”
3
“The pursuit of Happiness”
4
“And secure the blessings of Liberty”
5
“To secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed”
6
“Burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people”
7
“The right of the people peaceably to assemble”
8
“For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments”
9
“A history of repeated injuries and usurpations”
Conclusion:
“All men are created equal”
About the Author
Notes
Index
For Leora
and
Stephan
With hope for the future
African American Farming Settlements in the Northwest Territory States, 1800–18601
[No asterisk] = Settlement with at least one African American farmer owning less than two hundred acres or with property valued at less than $2,000
* = Settlement with at least one African American farmer owning two hundred acres or more or worth $2,000 or more
** = Settlement with at least one African American farmer owning four hundred acres or more or worth $4,000 or more
*** = Settlement with at least one African American farmer owning 1,000 acres or more or with property worth $10,000 or more
Ohio
1 Painesville, Lake County
2 Bloomfield, Trumbull County
3 Mesopotamia, Trumbull County
4 Farmington, Trumbull County
5 Youngstown, Mahoning County
6 Austintown, Mahoning County
7 Goshen, Mahoning County
8 Smith, Mahoning County*
9 Knox, Columbiana County
10 Lexington, Stark County
11 Atwater, Portage County
12 Charlestown, Portage County
13 Ravenna, Portage County
14 Stow, Summit County
15 Bainbridge, Geauga County*
16 Independence, Cuyahoga County*
17 Middleburgh, Cuyahoga County
18 Grafton, Lorain County
19 Russia, Lorain County
20 Brownhelm, Lorain County**
21 Fitchville, Huron County
22 Sharon, Richland County
23 Greenfield, Huron County**
24 Perkins, Erie County
25 Sandusky, Sandusky County
26 Tiffin, Seneca County
27 Seneca, Seneca County*
28 Big Spring, Seneca County
29 Crawford, Wyandot County
30 Delaware, Hancock County
31 Perry, Allen County*
32 Bath, Allen County
33 Washington, Paulding County
34 Willshire, Van Wert County
35 Centre, Mercer County
36 Jefferson/Macon, Mercer County*
37 Butler, Mercer County
38 Granville, Mercer County
39 Carthagena, Mercer County
40 St. Marys, Auglaize County
41 Moulton, Auglaize County
42 Washington, Auglaize County
43 Van Buren, Shelby County*
44 Lake, Logan County
45 Jefferson, Logan County*
46 Perry, Logan County***
47 Monroe, Logan County
48 Thompson, Delaware County
49 Concord, Delaware County**
50 Perry, Franklin County**
51 Radnor, Delaware County
52 Peru, Morrow County
53 Harmony, Morrow County*
54 Washington, Morrow County*
55 Morris, Knox County
56 South Bloomfield, Morrow County
57 Hilliar, Knox County
58 Mount Vernon, Knox County
59 Virginia, Coshocton County
60 Cadiz, Harrison County
61 Mount Pleasant, Jefferson County*
62 Meigs, Muskingum County**
63 Roxbury, Washington County
64 Wayne, Pickaway County
65 Urbana, Champaign County
66 Spring Creek, Miami County
67 Washington, Miami County
68 German, Darke County***
69 Concord, Miami County
70 Union, Miami County
71 Xenia, Greene County
72 Sugar Creek, Greene County*
73 Wayne, Warren County*
74 Union, Warren County**
75 Caesar’s Creek, Greene County
76 Perry, Fayette County
77 Greenfield, Highland County
78 Fairfield, Highland County***
79 Han
sbrough Settlement, Liberty, Highland County
80 Paint, Highland County
81 Concord, Highland County
82 Eagle, Brown County
83 Pebble, Pike County*
84 Chillicothe, Ross County
85 Jackson, Pike County**
86 Seal, Pike County
87 Liberty, Jackson County
88 Jackson, Jackson County
89 Franklin, Jackson County
90 Lick, Jackson County
91 Berlin Crossroads, Milton, Jackson County**
92 Huntington, Gallia County
93 Raccoon, Gallia County
94 Poke Patch, Lawrence/Gallia Counties
95 Decatur, Lawrence County
Indiana
96 Huggart Settlement, Union, St. Joseph County
97 Smith, Whitely County**
98 Blue Creek, Adams County
99 Mill, Grant County
100 Union, Grant County Union
101 Weaver Settlement, Liberty, Grant County
102 Greene, Grant County
103 Clay, Howard County*
104 Ervin, Howard County*
105 District 9, Carroll County
106 Honey Creek, Clinton County
107 Roberts Settlement, Jackson, Hamilton County***
108 Adams, Hamilton County
109 Marion, Boone County
110 Walnut, Montgomery County
111 Center, Marion County*
112 Warren, Marion County
113 Franklin, Marion County
114 Sugar Creek, Hancock County**
115 Brandywine, Hancock County
116 Vernon, Hancock County
117 Worth, Hancock County
118 Jackson, Hancock County
119 Ripley, Rush County***
120 Greensboro, Henry County*
121 Harrison, Henry County
122 Dudley, Henry County*
123 Jefferson, Wayne County
124 Blue River, Henry County
125 Stoney Creek, Henry County**
126 Cabin Creek Settlement, Randolph County**
127 Snow Hill, Randolph County
128 Greensfork, Randolph County*
129 Franklin, Wayne County**
130 New Garden, Wayne County
131 Wayne Township, Wayne County*
132 Clay, Wayne County**
133 Connersville, Fayette County*
134 Union, Rush County***
135 Laurel, Franklin County
136 Posey, Franklin County
137 Salt Creek, Franklin County
138 Fugit, Decatur County
139 Columbus, Bartholomew County
140 Washington, Brown County
141 Washington, Morgan County**
142 Washington, Owen County
143 Grayson/Marion, Owen County
144 Lost Creek, Vigo County**
145 Nevins, Vigo County
146 Raccoon, Parke County**
147 District 85, Parke County
148 Otter Creek, Vigo County
149 Harrison, Vigo County
150 Honey Creek, Vigo County
151 Underwood Settlement, Linton, Vigo County**
152 Busseron, Knox County*
153 Washington, Daviess County**
154 District 61, Knox County
155 Patoka, Gibson County*
156 Montgomery, Gibson County*
157 Black, Posey County*
158 Union, Vanderburgh County
159 Knight, Vanderburgh County
160 Patoka, DuBois County
161 Perry, Lawrence County
162 Marion, Lawrence County*
163 Orleans, Orange County
164 Orangeville, Orange County
165 Paoli, Orange County
166 Stampers Creek, Orange County
167 Southeast, Orange County
168 Harrison Township, Harrison County
169 Franklin, Floyd County*
170 New Albany, Floyd County**
171 Jeffersonville, Clark County
172 Charlestown, Clark County
173 Silver Creek, Clark County
174 Lafayette, Floyd County
175 Wood, Clark County
176 Washington, Washington County**
177 Driftwood, Jackson County
178 Jackson, Jackson County
179 Redding, Jackson County
180 Spencer, Jennings County
181 Geneva, Jennings County***
182 Vernon, Jennings County
183 Lancaster, Jefferson County
184 Smyrna, Jefferson County
185 Republican, Jefferson County
186 Hanover, Jefferson County**
187 York, Switzerland County**
Illinois
188 East and West Galena, Jo Daviess County
189 Wheeling, Cook County
190 Maine, Cook County
191 District 32, Iroquois County
192 New Albany, Coles County
193 Grandview and Embarrass, Edgar County**
194 Darwin, Clark County
195 Newton, Jasper County
196 Pinkstaff, Lawrence County*
197 “Not Stated,” Wabash County
198 “Not Stated,” Edwards County
199 Wabash, Gallatin County
200 Shawnee, Gallatin County
201 Cane Creek, Gallatin County
202 Equality, Gallatin County
203 Curran, Saline County*
204 Eagle, Gallatin County
205 Monroe, Saline County
206 “Not Stated,” Hardin County*
207 Miller Grove, in the Shawnee Hills, Pope County
208 “Not Stated,” Pulaski County
209 District 2, Union County**
210 District 2, Johnson County
211 Stonefort, Saline County
212 Township 8/“Not Stated,” Williamson County
213 Township 8, Jackson County
214 T6S R5W, Randolph County
215 T4S R5W, Randolph County
216 T6S R7W, Randolph County
217 T6S R8W, Randolph County
218 Prairie du Rocher, Randolph County
219 Mitchie, Monroe County
220 New Design, Monroe County
221 Turkey Hill, St. Clair County*
222 Lebanon, St. Clair County
223 Ridge Prairie, St. Clair County
224 Centreville, St. Clair County
225 American Bottom, St. Clair County
226 T3N R10W, Madison County
227 T3N R7W, Madison County
228 T4N R7W, Madison County
229 T4N R9W, Madison County*
230 T5N R9W, Madison County
231 Rocky Fork Settlement, Godfrey, Madison County
232 “Not Stated,” Bond County
233 Southwest of District 22, Montgomery County
234 “Not Stated,” Macoupin County*
235 Between Macoupin and Apple Creeks, Greene County
236 Hadley, Pike County**
237 T1S R3W, Brown County
238 Buena Vista, Schuyler County
239 Hickory, Fulton County
240 “Not Stated,” Tazewell County
241 T11 N4E, Knox County*
242 T11 N1E, Knox County
243 “Not Stated,” Hancock County
Wisconsin
244 Peshtigo, Oconto County
245 Shawano, Shawano County
246 Richmond, Shawano County
247 Freedom, Outagamie County
248 Neenah, Winnebago County
249 Rushford, Winnebago County
250 Brothertown, Calumet County*
251 Stockbridge, Calumet County
252 Stantonville, Chilton/Calumet Counties*
253 Charlestown, Calumet County
254 Hubbard, Dodge County**
255 Waukesha, Waukesha County*
256 Caledonia, Racine County**
257 Norway, Racine
County*
258 Eagle, Waukesha County
259 Dunkirk, Dane County*
260 Plymouth, Rock County
261 Avon, Rock County
262 Beetown, Grant County
263 Prairie du Chien, Crawford County
264 Willow, Richland County
265 Washington, Sauk County
266 Westfield, Sauk County
267 Fort Winnebago, Columbia County
268 Woodland, Sauk County
269 Forest, Bad Ax County
270 Adrian, Monroe County
271 Newark Valley, Adams County*
272 Plainfield, Waushara County
273 El Paso, Pierce County
274 Trimbelle, Pierce County
Michigan
275 St. Clair Ward 1, St. Clair County
276 Burtchville, St. Clair County
277 North Branch, Lapeer County
278 Lapeer, Lapeer County
279 Burton, Genessee County*
280 Wheatfield, Ingham County
281 Vevay, Ingham County*
282 Unadilla, Livingston County*
283 Hamburg, Livingston County
284 Royal Oak, Oakland County*
285 Springwells, Wayne County
286 Romulus, Wayne County
287 Canton, Wayne County*
288 Superior, Washtenaw County
289 Pittsfield, Washtenaw County**
290 York, Washtenaw County**
291 Manchester, Washtenaw County
292 Woodstock, Lenawee County
293 Somerset, Hillsdale County
294 Rollin, Lenawee County
295 Amboy, Hillsdale County
296 Ovid, Branch County
297 Fawn River, St. Joseph County**
298 Sherman, St. Joseph County
299 Lockport, St. Joseph County
300 Porter, Cass County*
301 Howard, Cass County**
302 Niles, Berrien County*
303 Sodus, Berrien County
304 Pipestone, Berrien County
305 Decatur, Van Buren County
306 Volinia, Cass County
307 Penn, Cass County**
308 Calvin, Cass County**
309 Newberg, Cass County
310 Marcellus, Cass County
311 Porter, Van Buren County**
312 Lafayette, Van Buren County*
313 Lawrence, Van Buren County
314 Arlington, Van Buren County*
315 Waverly, Van Buren County
316 Almena, Van Buren County*
317 Cheshire, Allegan County
318 Pine Grove, Van Buren County
319 Alamo, Kalamazoo County
320 Oshtemo, Kalamazoo County**
321 Kalamazoo, Kalamazoo County
322 Brady, Kalamazoo County
323 Fredonia, Calhoun County*