256 George Bond died: Author visit to Bat Cave, Oct. 10, 2003; Sara L. Bingham, “Dr. George Bond Was a True Pioneer” (Hendersonville, N.C.) Times-News, Jan. 4, 1983, p. 5.
256 dedicated to Captain Bond: Navy Experimental Diving Unit Dedication Ceremony program, May 17, 1991 (in author’s possession); bronze plaque at the facility; Bond, Papa Topside, Foreword by Walt Mazzone, p. ix.
256 two more Conshelf habitats: Capt. Jacques-Yves Cousteau, “At Home in the Sea,” National Geographic, April 1964, p. 469.
256 Cousteau died in 1997: Gerald Jonas, “Jacques Cousteau, Oceans’ Impresario, Dies,” New York Times, June 26, 1997, p. 1.
256 eased out of saturation diving: Lonsdale, United States Navy Diver, p. 298.
257 eighteenth-century designs: Davis, Deep Diving and Submarine Operations, p. 583.
257 Modern one-atmosphere suits: U.S. Navy Lt. Mike Thornton, Dr. Robert Randall, and Kurt Albaugh, P.E., “Then and Now: Atmospheric Diving Suits,” UnderWater, March/April 2001, www.underwater.com/archives/arch/marapr01.01.shtml; Swann, The History of Oilfield Diving, p. 742.
257 record depth of two thousand feet: Mark G. Logico, “Navy Diver Sets Record with 2,000 Foot Dive,” www.military.com/features/0,15240,108883.00.
257 Pigeon and the Ortolan: Lonsdale, United States Navy Diver, p. 299.
257 salvage of the USS Monitor: Ibid., p. 299; oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/02monitor/monitor; also oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/monitor01/monitor01.
257 rented a saturation system: Lonsdale, United States Navy Diver, pp. 299, 303.
257 sunk in gunnery practice: Ibid., p. 298.
257 cut up for scrap: Jim Osborn, former Navy engineer and Sealab III aquanaut, interview, Panama City, Fla., March 11, 2005; Bond, Papa Topside, p. 189, apparently errs in the assertion that the habitat was scuttled in the Santa Barbara Channel.
258 Bob Barth was one of the many: Barth, interviews, Dec. 3, 2004, and Dec. 13, 2006.
258 marked “Dinosaur Locker”: Barth, interview at Navy Experimental Diving Unit, March 10, 2003.
258 the very PTC: Barth, interview, April 8, 2009.
258 moved down to the Florida Keys: Ibid.
258 Marinelab: Miller and Koblick, Living and Working in the Sea, pp. 409–11.
258 La Chalupa: Ibid., pp. 123–34.
258 Jules’ Undersea Lodge: Ibid., pp. 415–19.
258 names in the guest book: Jules’ Undersea Lodge Web site, www.jul.com/mediainfo.
258 Ian Koblick, has long been active: Miller and Koblick, Living and Working in the Sea, p. 439.
259 world’s only undersea research station: Aquarius Web site, uncw.edu/aquarius.
259 initially dubbed the George F. Bond: Craig Cooper, Aquarius manager from 1991 to 2009, e-mail to author, Feb. 11, 2011.
259 run on a minimal budget: Cooper, interview, April 24, 2009.
259 affixed to the seabed in 2007: Ibid.
259 This surface-based unit: Cmdr. Scott W. Thomas, “Saturation Fly-Away Diving System (SAT FADS),” Faceplate, October 2010, p. 8.
260 staff had developed way stations: Cooper, taped interview, Feb. 9, 2011.
260 in early May 2009 to create a haven: Ibid.
260 Smith was a few paces away: Corey Seymour, Navy hospital corpsman senior chief, interview, Feb. 19, 2011.
260 Smith made it clear that he was okay: Ibid.; Cooper, interview, Feb. 9, 2011; Robert Silk, “Aquarius Diver’s Death Remains a Question,” The (Key West, Fla.) Citizen, May 9, 2009, keysnews.com/node/13119.
260 Minutes had passed: Seymour, interview, Feb. 19, 2011.
261 hurriedly picked up Smith: Ibid.
261 Attempts to resuscitate: Ibid.
261 given a clean bill of health: Autopsy Report for Dewey Dwayne Smith, from the Office of the Medical Examiner, Marathon, Fla., May 6, 2009; e-mailed from E. Hunt Scheuerman, M.D., District 16 Medical Examiner, to author, Feb. 8, 2011.
261 A triathlete: Seymour, interview, Feb. 19, 2011.
261 a meticulous diver: Autopsy Report; Cooper, interview, Feb. 9, 2011.
261 worry that the NOAA habitat program: Cooper, interview, Feb. 9, 2011.
INDEX
air pressure, 16, 19, 32
air regulator, 24
Alexander the Great, 50
Alinat, Jean, 99
Alvin (research sub), 228
American Weekly, The, 28–29, 42, 117
Andersen, Alan, 221
Anderson, Lester “Andy,” 126–27, 169
and Sealab I, 107–8, 111, 115, 117–19, 120, 122
and Sealab II, 126, 127–28, 133
Aquadro, Charles, 32, 106, 234
and Cousteau, 98, 126, 151
and embolism, 6, 8, 13, 19, 22, 37, 164, 237
and Genesis, 40, 71
and habitat for hire, 234
and Link, 53, 99
search and recovery work, 98–100
and submarine escape, 5–6
and U.S. Navy, 82, 98–99
Aqualung, 24–26, 36, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 85–86, 101, 107, 211
aquanaut, 91
Aquarius station, 259–61
Aquasonic, 137–38, 160
Arawak equipment, 136–37, 140
Archerfish, 1–8, 14, 32
Argus Island, 104–8, 119–20
Argyronète, 228, 229–30, 236, 241, 253, 255, 256
Aristotle, Problemata, 18
Atlantis diving bell, 73–74, 77, 109
Atlantis project, 247–49, 250–51, 252
atmospheres:
artificial, 32–33, 69
measurement of, 19
atmospheric pressure:
at sea level, 19
tests of, 22, 37–42
Awa Maru, 237
Baldwin, Hanson, 122–23, 142
Banjavich, Mark, 208–9, 210
Barth, Bob:
and Cannon’s death, 182–84, 185, 187, 197, 260
and Genesis, 39–41, 67–72, 74–79, 81, 87–89
and investigation into Cannon’s death, 186–87, 189–91, 193–95
and oil industry, 208, 258
and Sealab I, 90–91, 92, 106–8, 111, 114–16, 117–18, 119, 120, 122, 123
and Sealab II, 126, 127, 129–30, 143–45, 148, 150, 152, 154
and Sealab III, 169, 171–84, 187, 198–99, 258
and Thresher, 80–81
Bat Cave, North Carolina, 10, 11–12, 237, 256
bathyscaphe, 81
bathysphere, 16, 54
Beebe, William, 16, 54
Behnke, Albert Jr., 33–34
bell-and-chamber diving, 207, 209, 235
Bell Laboratories, 242
“the bends,” 4, 21–22, 60, 74
Bennett, Peter, 248
Berkone, 129, 131, 134–35, 138–40, 143–44, 152, 175
Bermuda Triangle, 96–97, 104, 109, 157
Bert, Paul, 21–22
Blackburn, Richard “Blackie”:
and investigation into Cannon’s death, 186–89, 191, 193–95
and Sealab III, 173, 174–75, 177–79, 181–83, 185
Blind Man’s Bluff (TV), 243, 244
Bollard, Wilfred, 43
Bond, Bobby (brother), 49
Bond, George F., 1–14, 221, 259
and animal experiments, 32, 37–42, 48, 50, 51–52, 53, 54, 67
and Archerfish, 1–8, 14, 32
and Awa Maru, 237
awards and honors to, 9, 256
birth and early years, 9–11
and Cannon’s death, 185
and Cousteau, 44–45, 170
death of, 256
family of, 11, 13, 22, 39
and Genesis, see Genesis experiments
and Helgoland, 236–37
influence of, 31–32, 64, 208, 225, 226–27, 233–34
and investigation into Cannon’s death, 186, 189, 190, 193, 196
journals of, 88–89, 237, 242
and Link, 51–52, 53–54, 59, 64
media stories about, 9, 28, 122–23, 187
medical practice of, 11–12, 208
and Navy, see Navy, U.S.
predictions made by, 251, 255
and promotion, 44, 121–23, 135, 142, 154–55, 164–65
“A Proposal for Underwater Research,” 17, 26–27, 28–29, 42, 82, 86, 149, 226–27
recitations by, 116–17, 144, 163, 261
and retirement, 234–35, 237
and saturation diving, 34–37, 45, 52, 72, 74, 75, 88, 102, 200, 207
science and exploration, 208
and scuba, 25–26
and Sealab, see Sealab
search and recovery, 98, 99
testing submarine escapes, 3–9, 14, 22, 35, 231
and Thresher, 80
Tomorrow the Seas, 237
Bond, George Foote Jr., 235
Bond, Louise Foote (mother), 10
Bond, Marjorie Barrino “Margit” (wife), 11, 39
Bornmann, Robert, 53–54, 55–56, 60, 75, 77, 169
Boyle, Robert, 2
Boyle’s law, 2, 20, 55, 77, 114
BP Canada, 217
Bradley, James, 242
brain, embolism to, 2–3
Brauer, Ralph, 212, 213
Bridges, Lloyd, 234
Brooklyn Bridge, 21
Brown & Root, 209, 218
Bühlmann, Albert, 72, 73
Bull, John, 68, 69, 87–89
Bunton, Bill, 129, 237
Cachalot system, 206, 209
Calypso, 44, 48, 63, 84, 211, 228, 254
Cannon, Berry:
death of, 182–84, 185, 199, 204, 213, 237, 260
funeral for, 197–98
investigation into death of, 186–97, 239
and Sealab II, 130, 131–32, 133, 136, 137–40, 141, 143, 145
and Sealab III, 169, 172–75, 177–84
Carpenter, M. Scott, 100, 237
and Cousteau, 91, 99
motorbike accident of, 106
and Project Mercury, 92
and Sealab I, 91–92, 106, 110
and Sealab II, 124–25, 126–30, 131, 133, 134, 137–38, 140–45, 148, 150, 151–54, 155, 158, 162
and Sealab III, 170, 172, 176, 177, 181–82, 188
Carson, Rachel, 116
China, and joint venture, 237
Chirac, Jacques, 253–54
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), 238
Cicero, 32
Clarke, Tom, 133
Coffman, Billie, 126–27, 133, 136–37, 141, 143
Cognac offshore platform, 218–25, 247
Cold War, 237, 238–46
Columbus, Christopher, 48
COMEX, 211–18
and Hydra experiments, 250–51
Physalie tests, 212–13
records broken by, 249–52
and SAGA, 253–54
Conda, Ken, 147, 154
Conner, Ben and Dooge, 10
Conoco, 217
Conrad, Pete, 134
Conshelf, see Cousteau, Jacques-Yves
Cooke, Mike, 221
Cooper, Dick, 198, 199
Cooper, Gordon, 134, 153
CORD (Cabled Observation and Rescue Device), 233
Cousteau, Jacques-Yves, 207
and Aqualung, 24–25, 36, 44
and Argyronète, 228, 229–30, 236, 241, 253, 256
and Bond, 44–45, 170
and Calypso, 44, 48, 63, 84, 211, 228, 254
and Carpenter, 91, 99
and Conshelf One, 62–65, 67, 115, 123
and Conshelf Three, 126, 150–51, 155, 161, 162, 226–27, 253
and Conshelf Two, 83–86, 98–99, 149
death of, 256
Deep Cabin, 85–86, 105
films of, 45, 84, 211, 254
influence of, 99, 210–11, 225, 233, 252, 256
and Link, 48–51, 53, 62, 63, 64
The Living Sea, 64
and mobile habitat, 227–28
and oxygen toxicity, 33
promotions by, 25, 36, 44–46, 51, 53, 61, 62, 63, 64–65, 84, 86, 228, 256
and safety, 62, 64, 84
The Silent World, 25, 36, 44, 45, 211
Starfish House, 83–85, 86, 131, 150, 215
and undersea dwelling, 53, 58, 61–64, 83–86, 150–51, 227–28
World Without Sun, 84, 86
Cousteau, Philippe, 151, 170, 238
Craven, John, 169, 243
Crevalle, 31
Czechoslovakia, diving in, 228
decompression:
explosive, 114, 152
“no-decompression” dives, 62
and saturation diving, 34–35
trial-and-error science, 35
decompression chamber, 22, 50
decompression penalty, 22, 33, 36–37
decompression schedules:
and Atlantis, 248, 249
and Genesis, 32, 75, 77–79, 89
Haldane tables, 22–23
and Link, 54, 60–61, 101–2, 229, 232
and Navy tests, 55, 83, 214
and Sealab, 120–22, 142, 149, 152–53, 163–65
decompression sickness, 21–22, 74
Deep Diver, 228–29, 233, 254
deep-sea diving, 17–24
and the bends, 4, 21–22, 77
bottom drops in, 39–40
bounce dives, 51, 72
commercial, 73, 83, 151, 200–218, 249
diver delivery and retrieval, 50, 54–55, 58–61, 101, 120–22, 131–32, 152–53
excursion dives, 148–50, 162, 165, 171, 207, 212
to five thousand feet, 239–40
to four thousand feet, 224–25
government funding ebbing for, 250, 252, 254
hardhat gear, 17–19, 23, 24, 25, 50, 107, 113, 167
how deep and how long, 23, 26, 35, 62, 76, 208, 212, 247–53
lukewarm media coverage for, 61, 117, 141, 142, 143, 148, 256
physiology and medicine, 21, 102, 149, 212–14, 248, 252
record-breaking dives, 43–44, 56, 61, 64, 123, 143, 150, 207, 235, 239, 247, 248, 249–52, 254
remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), 224–25, 232, 249, 255, 256
rescue and salvage, 23–24, 25, 26, 42, 167, 201–4, 233, 241
saturation diving, 34–37; see also saturation diving
as a sport, 24–25, 36, 44, 47
technological advances in, 256–57
thousand-foot dives, 72–74, 76, 205, 212–14, 217–18, 220–25, 247
to two thousand feet, 253, 257
see also specific projects
Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle (DSRV), 239–40, 246
Defense Department, U.S., 245
Delauze, Henri Germain, 210–13, 217, 218, 248, 250, 251, 253–54, 258
depth limits, 16, 17, 23, 26, 33, 62, 205–6, 208, 209, 212–14, 225, 229, 235, 239, 247–48, 250, 251–52, 254
Devil’s Triangle, 96–97, 98
Diogenes (undersea dwelling), 61–64
dive tables, see decompression schedules
diving bell, 50, 56, 73–74, 203, 206–7, 217, 258, 259
Dodd, Bill, 260–61
Dowling, George, 146
Dugan, James, 44–45, 65, 86
Duke University, 247–49, 250
dyspnea, 214, 222, 252
Eaton, Wilbur, 131, 132, 133, 137–39, 143, 169
Edison, Thomas A., 46
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 66
Elk River, 167, 168, 169, 171–72, 175, 176, 180, 186, 187, 192, 235, 257, 258–60
embolism, arterial, 2–3
End, Edgar, 34
escape trunks, 2, 3, 4–5
Eureka, 73
face mask squeeze, 119
Falco, Albert, 62–65, 84, 115
Fargues, Maurice, 43, 86
fiber optics, 245–46
Fisher, Albert, 68, 69
FISSHH, 235–37
flight simulator, 47, 75
Florida Atlantic University, 234
Florida Keys Nati
onal Marine Sanctuary, 259
fluid breathing, 252
France:
and IFREMER, 253, 254
and oceanography, 228
and petroleum research, 81, 151, 228
and SAGA, 253–54, 256
Fructus, Xavier, 211, 212
Gagarin, Yuri, 61
Gagnan, Emile, 24
General Electric, 234
General Precision Inc., 207
Genesis experiments, 37–42, 47
with animals, 32, 37–42, 48, 50, 51–52, 53, 67
data harvested in, 77, 248
Genesis A and B, 67
Genesis C, 66–72, 73
Genesis D, 74–79, 80, 81
Genesis E, 86–89, 94
and HPNS, 213–14, 247
with humans, 67, 208, 220
influence of, 60, 64, 240, 247
published report of, 42, 54
Grigg, Rick, 161, 162, 163
Guibert, Pierre, 83–84
Gulf of Mexico, 201, 205, 206–7, 210
Haldane, John Scott, 22
Haldane tables, 22–23
Halibut, 240, 241–42, 243
Halley, Edmund, 56, 59–60
hard suits, 256–57
Harrell, David Martin, 189
Haselton, F. R., 233
Hass, Hans, 45
Havlena, Paul, 202–5
Hayward, John T., 51, 52
Helgoland, 236–37
helium:
in animal experiments, 38
commercial use of, 205
and decompression, 60–61
heat-sapping effect of, 68, 101, 191
human voice affected by, 70–71, 78–79, 175
problems with, 78, 170, 212
replacing nitrogen with, 23, 33–34, 38, 58, 69
in trimix, 248
helium hat, 23, 107
helium-oxygen diving, 167
helium speech, 71, 78, 131, 134, 175
helium tremors, 212–13
Helvey, Alan “Doc,” 200–205, 210, 215, 216, 219–24
Heydock, Homer Lafayette “Fate,” 10, 12, 13
Hill, Lonnie, 10, 12, 13–14
Hollingsworth, William “Red,” 105
Homo aquaticus, 65, 251, 252
Hopcalite, 161–62
HPNS (High-Pressure Nervous Syndrome), 213–14, 219, 220, 222, 225, 247, 248, 249, 251, 252, 257
Hughes Glomar Explorer, 238, 240
Hulot, Nicolas, 254
Huss, Sam, 192
Hydra experiments, 250–51
hydrogen, added to the breathing mix, 249–51
Hydrolab, 233–34, 253, 259
Hydrospace Research Center, 210, 214, 235
hyperbaric medicine, 34, 212
hyperbaric shelter, 253
hyperbaric workshops, 215–17
IFREMER, 253, 254
Interior Department, U.S., 175–76, 234
“Ivy Bells” missions, 243–44