Table of Contents
Title page
Copyright page
List of Illustrations
Acknowledgments
Prologue: Freedom Is Not Free
1: An Uncommon Defense (1607–1775)
Introduction
The Militia
Skulking
Wars of Extirpation
Imperial March
The French and Indian War
Martial Law
Rebel Forces
Conclusion
2: War for Independence (1775–1787)
Introduction
American Crisis
Year of the Hangman
The Alliance
Outside the Lines
Southern Strategy
Yorktown
A Standing Miracle
Conclusion
3: Establishing the Military (1787–1812)
Introduction
National Forces
Legion
A Quasi-War
The Shores of Tripoli
West Point
Army of Adventurers
Peaceable Coercion
Conclusion
4: Mr. Madison's War (1812–1815)
Introduction
War Hawks
On to Canada
Naval Duels
Tough as Hickory
Border Battles
The British Invasion
New Orleans
Conclusion
5: The Martial Republic (1815–1846)
Introduction
Postwar Security
Into the Borderlands
Arc of Expansion
Indian Removal
Reforming the Militia
The Old Navy
Profession of Arms
Conclusion
6: The Forces of Manifest Destiny (1846–1860)
Introduction
American Blood
On to Mexico
Forward March
War at Home
The Halls of Montezuma
Occupation
Legacies of Conquest
Conclusion
7: The Blue and the Gray (1860–1865)
Introduction
Secession
Battle Cries
Union Strategy
Lee Takes Command
Military Necessity
Advance and Retreat
Gettysburg
Winning the West
The Surrender
Conclusion
8: Twilight of the Indian Wars (1865–1890)
Introduction
Road to Reunion
Peace Policy
Conquering the Sioux
The Old Army
Fight or Flight
Apache Resistance
Wounded Knee
Conclusion
9: A Rising Power (1890–1914)
Introduction
Race for Empire
Remember the Maine
Splendid Little War
Philippine Rebellion
The Boxers
A Progressive Defense
Gunboat Diplomacy
Conclusion
10: The War to End All Wars (1914–1918)
Introduction
Preparedness
Mobilizing for War
American Expeditionary Forces
The Atlantic Lifeline
No-Man's-Land
Cult of the Offensive
The Armistice
Conclusion
11: Out of the Trenches (1918–1941)
Introduction
Soft Power
A Winged Defense
From Ships to Shores
Our Economic Army
Neutrality
Under the Rainbow
Pearl Harbor
Conclusion
12: Fighting World War II (1941–1945)
Introduction
War Machine
The GI Way
Empire of the Sun
A Second Front
Great Crusade
The Philippine Sea
Victory in Europe
Japanese Resistance
Atomic Warfare
Conclusion
13: A Cold War Begins (1945–1964)
Introduction
Department of Defense
Containment Strategy
Police Action
A New War
Stalemate
No More Koreas
The Arms Race
Conclusion
14: The Tragedy of Vietnam (1964–1975)
Introduction
Into the Quagmire
Gradual Escalation
Search and Destroy
Tet
A Better War
Ending the Draft
The Fall of Saigon
Conclusion
15: A New Military (1975–2001)
Introduction
Revival
A Strategic Defense
Use of Force
Line in the Sand
Desert Storm
Drawdown
Pax Americana
Conclusion
16: Global War on Terror (2001–present)
Introduction
September Morn
War in Afghanistan
Iraqi Freedom
Green Zone
The Surge
Turn the Page
Killing bin Laden
Conclusion
Index
This edition first published 2013
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Library of Congress Catalogi
ng-in-Publication data is available for this book.
ISBN 9781444337358 (hb)
ISBN 9781444337365 (pb)
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Cover image: U.S. soldiers at vehicle checkpoint in Mosul, Iraq, 2003. Photo © Scott Nelson/Getty Images
List of Illustrations
1.1 Robert Rogers – commandeur der Americaner, 1778. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress
1.2 Map of European claims in North America, 1754–1763
1.3 View of the Attack on Bunker's Hill, 1783. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress
2.1 Alexander H. Ritchie, Washington and His Generals, 1870. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress
2.2 Map of the Northern Campaigns
2.3 Jean-Michel Moreau, John Paul Jones, 1781. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress
2.4 Map of the Southern Campaigns
3.1 Action between U.S. frigate Constellation and French frigate L’Insurgente. John W. Schmidt. Photo KN-2882, U.S. Navy Historical Center, Department of the Navy
3.2 Meriwether Lewis fires his rifle, 1810. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress
4.1 Plan of Fort Detroit, January 26, 1812. Miscellaneous Collection, F 775, Box MU 2102, Archives of Ontario
4.2 Map of the War of 1812
4.3 General Andrew Jackson, after Thomas Sully (1783–1872). Private collection/Peter Newark American Pictures/The Bridgeman Art Library
5.1 The American Soldier, 1827. Army Artwork, Prints and Poster Sets, U.S. Army Center of Military History
5.2 W. G. Wall, West Point, 1821. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress
6.1 Nathaniel Currier, Landing of the American Forces under General Scott, 1847. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress
6.2 Map of the U.S.–Mexico War
6.3 Nathaniel Currier, An Available Candidate, 1848. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress
7.1 “To Colored Men!”, 1863. Record Group 94: Records of the Adjutant General's Office, 1762–1984, National Archives
7.2 Map of the U.S. Civil War
7.3 General Robert E. Lee, 1864. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress
7.4 General Ulysses S. Grant at his headquarters, 1864. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress
8.1 Geronimo, 1886. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress
8.2 Map of the Trans-Mississippi West, 1860–1890
8.3 C Troop at supper, 1895. Indian War Widows Project Records Collection, U.S. National Park Service, Jefferson National Expansion Memorial
9.1 The New York nurses, 1898. Photograph of Sternberg General Hospital, Camp Thomas, Chickamauga, Georgia, Army Nurse Corps in the War with Spain, U.S. Army Center of Military History
9.2 Ship's company, U.S.S. Maine, 1896. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress
9.3 Map of colonialism in Asia, 1914
9.4 U.S. interventions in Latin America, 1900–1935
10.1 Sergeant Alvin C. York, 1919. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress
10.2 “That Liberty shall not Perish from the Earth,” 1918. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress
10.3 Map of World War I on the Western Front
11.1 Aeromarine 39-B airplane, 19 October 1922. Photo NH 93178, U.S. Navy Historical Center, Department of the Navy
11.2 Pearl Harbor Naval Base and U.S.S. Shaw aflame, 1941. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress
12.1 Marine Private First Class Douglas Lightheart at Peleliu, September 14, 1944. Record Group 127: Records of the U.S. Marine Corps, 1775–9999, National Archives
12.2 Map of World War II in Asia
12.3 General Dwight D. Eisenhower gives the Order of the Day, 1944. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress
12.4 Map of the European theater, 1942–1945
12.5 Colonel Paul W. Tibbets, Jr., pilot of the Enola Gay, August 6, 1945. Record Group 208: Records of the Office of War Information, 1926–1951, National Archives
13.1 Recruiting poster for women in the Air Force, 1951. The Betty H. Carter Women Veterans Historical Project, Martha Hodges Special Collections and University Archives, University of North Carolina at Greensboro
13.2 Map of the Korean War
13.3 Fighting with the 2nd Infantry Division north of the Chongchon River, November 20, 1950. Integration of Armed Forces in Korea, U.S. Army, http://www.army.mil/media/32791/
14.1 “The Wise Men”: luncheon meeting, March 26, 1968. Collection LBJ-WHPO: White House Photo Office Collection, 11/22/1963–01/20/1969, National Archives
14.2 Map of Vietnam, showing 1954 North/South division and routes of invasions and evacuations, 1945–1975
14.3 A Boeing B-52D in Vietnam. Photo 061127-F-1234S-017, National Museum of the U.S. Air Force
15.1 M-1A1 Abrams main battle tanks of Co. A, 3rd Battalion, 32nd Armored Regiment, 1st Cavalry Division, December 9, 1990. Photo DA-ST-92-07289, Department of Defense, http://www.defenseimagery.mil/
15.2 Major General Colin L. Powell, August 27, 1984. Record Group 330: Records of the Office of the Secretary of Defense, 1921–2008, National Archives
15.3 Map of Operation Desert Storm
16.1 Navy SEALs operating in Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. Photo 050628-N-0000X-001, U.S. Navy, http://www.navy.mil/
16.2 Map of the Middle East
16.3 U.S. Army General David Howell Petraeus, the Multi-National Force Iraq Commander, June 4, 2008. Photo 080604-F-LX971-358, Department of Defense, http://www.defenseimagery.mil/
Acknowledgments
It is my pleasure to give thanks to all those who made this textbook possible. First and foremost, I would like to thank my daughter, Beatrice. She outran me to my computer many mornings and moved her 2-year-old fingers over my keyboard while repeating: “I do it!” I dedicate this work to her.
While working, I found inspiration in a framed photograph that shows my father in his ROTC uniform. In 1964, he stood confidently next to my mother. His brother enlisted in the Marine Corps in a time of war, while her brother was drafted into the Army. One of her brothers-in-law joined the Air Force. Another became an Army lieutenant. In other words, all of my uncles a generation ago served in the American military. Because of my father's wanderlust and early death, I never learned why he did not earn his commission. Whatever the reason, the black and white image seems to hint at his unrealized potential.
Perhaps that explains why the slogan “Be All You Can Be” resonated with me as a young man. I recall long conversations with an Army recruiter at my mother's kitchen table, where we weighed my options after graduating from high school. Consequently, I chose to enlist in the Army National Guard and became a “weekend warrior” along with my college roommates. The Montgomery GI Bill enabled me to earn my B.A., M.A., and Ph.D. by 1995. Proud to be an American, I am forever indebted to my Uncle Sam.
In writing this textbook, I owe debts to numerous people. Over the years, a number of soldiers, sailors, airmen, and marines have spoken with me about their experiences in the armed forces. Several reminded me of the military adage that professionals talk logistics rather than tactics. I greatly appreciate all of the lessons learned.
I benefited from the contributions of many fine scholars, whose books often appear among my suggested readings with each chapter. Special thanks are due to James C. Bradford, Beth Bailey, G. Kurt Piehler, Judith Hicks Stiehm, Allan R. Millett, Peter Maslowski, William T. Allison, Jeffrey Grey, Janet G. Valentine, Michael D. Doubler, Adrian R. Lewis, Darlene M. Iskra, Robert O. Kirkland, Nicole L. Anslover, and John C. McManus. Beyond their careful attention to scholarship, their arguments and interpretations guided my work.
My work was furthered by many colleagues and friends at Columbia College of Missouri. As fellow members of the History and Political Science Department, David Roebu
ck, Brian Kessel, David Karr, and Tonia Compton encouraged me through the research and writing process. Furthermore, Michael Polley offered insights about grand strategies and national defense. Mark Price and Anthony Alioto, both philosophy professors, sharpened my understanding of “just wars” and stoicism. Amy Darnell, a communications professor, helped me to rediscover my childhood enthusiasm for Captain America. Bill Carney, the director for academic programs online and an adjunct professor of history, urged me to take another look at civil–military relations in the United States.
The administration at Columbia assisted me in important ways. The college president and Army veteran Gerald Brouder endorsed my sabbatical in 2011. The chief academic officer Terry Smith sent incisive notes about relevant books and offered generous comments about various parts. The leadership of the Adult Higher Education Division afforded me opportunities to stay engaged in military studies, especially Mike Randerson, Gary Massey, Eric Cunningham, Gary Oedewaldt, Ernie Wren, and Ramona McAfee. I also am appreciative of the staff at Stafford Library, namely Janet Caruthers, Cynthia Cole, Mary Batterson, Lucia D'Agostino, Peter Neely, Nason Throgmorton, and Vandy Evermon. Finally, the undergraduates enrolled in HIST 370 honed my thinking about the American ways of war. If I have failed to list a name deserving acknowledgment, please accept my apology and my gratitude.
I am thankful for the support of the professionals at Wiley-Blackwell. I benefited enormously from the expertise and advice of the anonymous reviewers. Deirdre Ilkson, Julia Kirk, Tom Bates, and Elizabeth Saucier kept everything on track. Janet Moth managed the project with great care. Moreover, Peter Coveney offered terrific feedback about the manuscript. He recognized what this textbook offered to instructors and students alike. Once again, I am privileged to work with such a great team of professionals.
I will conclude by thanking Deidra, my wonderful wife, and Augustus, my 6-year-old son. Deidra read every word of every chapter while pushing me to do better. In addition, she helped me by collecting many illustrations used in this textbook. While busy with kindergarten, Gus took time from his crowded schedule to teach me every day. When I felt that no one understood me, he reminded me that he, his sister, and his mom always love me. I am blessed by them, because we are family.
In spite of all the help that I received while writing this textbook, I alone am responsible for any errors.
Prologue
Freedom Is Not Free
Second Lieutenant Nicholas Eslinger preferred not to use his night-vision goggles on patrol, because he felt that he could see better with ambient light. A graduate of West Point, the 25-year-old Army officer served with the 327th Infantry Regiment of the 1st Brigade Combat Team in the 101st Airborne Division. On the evening of October 1, 2008, he led his platoon through a hostile neighborhood of Samarra, Iraq.