mantras 6, 262
Mantua, Grail 180
Margulis, Lynn 104
meditation 6
meltwater 221, 241, 330, 343, 350, 355, 356–7, 362
moulins 356–8, 366, 369, 375, 386–7, 388–91
memory-sites 226
Mendip Hills, Somerset 25–30, 33–40, 43–52
Aveline’s Hole 25–6, 37, 417
burial 25–7, 30, 33–4
karst landscape 179
methane deposits 14
Mexico City, Holocene conference 75
Mexico underland 162
and karst landscape 179
Meyers, Kent 57–8
mineralization 37
mines/mining
Basovizza/Bazovica mineshaft 226
Boulby’s potash mine, Yorkshire 60–63, 69–74, 78–80
coal 30
copper, American open-pit toxic
mine 247–8
creatureliness of mining operation 73
gneiss chamber in abandoned
Japanese mine 59
gold, southern Africa 5–6
gold-mine laboratory, South Dakota 59–60
in Greenland 336–7
lead mining 30, 80
marks of mining 80
in Mendips 30
mining machines 73–4, 78, 81
Pennine valley miners 81–2
pit ponies 74
Roman mining 30, 46
slate 166
uranium 337, 399
Minneapolis underland 155
Minotaur 5
Mithraism 189–91
Mithras 184, 190, 205
Molchanova, Natalia 198–9
monoculture production 76
Mort, Helen 332, 359, 365, 382, 387, 390, 392
Morton, Timothy 320
Moscow 171
Moskenes, Norway 254, 257, 272, 371
Moskstraumen Maelstrom 257, 266, 271, 277, 279, 306–8, 309–10, 311–12
Moss, Eric 42, 43
Moss, Neil 40–43, 417
moulins 356–8, 366, 369, 375, 386–7, 388–91
mountain quarry vault, Wales 120–21
mud volcano, Java 247
Mulvaney, Robert 346–53, 362–3
mummification 5
Munch, Edvard: The Scream 412
muons 59, 64
muon tomography 64
Murray, W. H. 241
mushroom farming 141
music 164, 169, 172
listening to landscapes musically 354
Mušja jama 208
mutualism 89–91, 97–8, 109–10, 113
mycoheterotrophs 107–8
Voyria 108, 110
mycorrhizal fungi/networks 11, 89–91, 93, 96, 97–8, 99–101, 103–5, 107–8, 109–10, 113, 116, 381
myth 92, 122, 405, 412, 416
Anthropocene self-mythologization 77
of Finnish Kalevala 405–7
and gender 191–2
inter-generational warning through 412, 416–17
K’iche’ Maya 162
Norse 265–6
underworld 13, 16–17, 28, 48, 162, 177–8, 191–2, 265–6, 375, 406–7
Nadar, Felix 141
Naples underland 149
Narsaq, Greenland 337
Nash, David 92
National Gallery paintings, sheltered 120–21
Nature 91
Nazism 134, 222, 223, 289, 309
death camps 282–3
neo-Nazi collectors 185
swastikas 214, 222, 225, 227
Wehrmacht binoculars 289, 316
Wehrmacht officers, under Paris 141, 170
Neanderthal art 17
NEEM (North Greenland Eemian Ice Drilling Project) 349–50
nekyia 16
Nelson, Richard 104, 105
neutrinos 58, 59, 65, 69, 81
New Mexico desert, Waste Isolation
Pilot Plant 74–5, 400–401, 410–14
New York City 171
urban explorers 155
New Zealand, Waitomo 179
Newman, E. I. 96
Newport 165–6
Ngai, Sianne 364
Niagara Falls, surge pipe network 154–5
Nicolaisen, Bjørnar 289–95, 298–301, 312–18, 321–3
Nicolaisen, Ingrid 291, 293–4, 305, 316, 321, 323
Nidderdale, Yorkshire 121–2
Nine Wells Wood 423–5
nitrogen 97–8
spike 76
noise, of particles 58–9
nominalism 113
Nora, Pierre 226
Norse myth 265–6
Norsted, Terje 266
Northern Lights 122–3, 255, 346, 354, 365–6, 392
Norway
Andøya see Andøya, Norway cod see cod
constitution (point 112) 297
fishing industry 291–2, 297, 300–301, 305
Kollhellaren 257, 258–9, 264, 266–7, 269, 271, 273–9, 284
Lofotens see Lofoten islands oil industry 295–8, 301–6, 310, 317, 322
painted rock art 255–7, 258–9, 264–7
Plura system 197
Refsvika 270–73
nuclear/radioactive waste 7, 66, 74–5, 320, 330, 398–404, 407–19
nuclear fuel
pools 400
rods/rod canisters 399–400, 401, 403, 408, 416, 418
nuclear power stations 46, 401, 402
nuclear semiotics 410–15
Nuka (kayaker from Kulusuk) 393, 394
Nullarbor Plain, Australia 179
Nuuk 330
occulting landscapes 230–31
ochre powder 4, 25, 32
Odessa underland 158–9
oil
Andøya and Norway’s oil industry
295–8, 301–6, 310, 317, 322
and beach litter 319–20
culture 297
Deepwater Horizon catastrophe 310–11
divining 246
drilling 247, 295, 296–8, 303, 305, 310–11, 314
Ekofisk oilfield 295
as the ‘monstrous transformer’ 319–20
and the Moskstraumen Maelstrom 311
seismic surveying 301–3, 304, 305, 322
Olkiluoto Island, Finland 397–420
nuclear power stations 401, 402
Onkalo nuclear waste tomb
398–404, 407–10, 415–19
Olsen, Bjørnar 320
Onkalo, Olkiluoto Island 398–404, 407–10, 415–19
Ontario Generating Station surge pipe
network, Niagara Falls 154–5
Orford Ness 230
Orpheus 16, 28, 191
ossuaries 140–41, 142
Ovid 92
owl talisman, whalebone 19, 37, 115, 201, 270
paintings, guarded in Welsh mountain
quarry 120–21
Palestine
Israeli conflict 238–9
West Bank 231, 238–9
Paris, invisible city of 131–2, 136–47, 151–3, 157–60, 166–73, 192
Bangra 144, 171
and Benjamin’s The Arcades Project
132–6, 150–51
bunkers 141
Bunkers zone 170
Cabinet of Mineralogy 158
catacombs 136–7, 138, 140–43, 148–9, 151, 158, 166–9, 418
cemeteries 139–40
cinema, pop-up 143
French Resistance in 141, 170
Hell Well 152–3
limestone 137–8, 143–4, 148–9, 152
Louis XVI’s inspection unit 139
maps of 129–31, 139
mushroom farming 141
Oyster Room (Salle des Huitres) 145
police (‘cataflics’/‘catacops’) 137, 142, 143
prisoners 151
quarry voids 138, 139, 141
Room of the Flag (Salle du Drapeau) and its approach 166–70
subcultures 142–3
subterranean Horticultural Society of Paris 14
1
subterranean town planning 139
tunnels see tunnels: under Paris Wehrmacht officers in 141, 170
Passe-Muraille 143, 237
Pausanias 135
Peak Cavern, Derbyshire 40–43
Pennine valley miners 81–2
Perec, Georges: Species of Spaces 13
permafrost, melting 14, 329, 379
Persephone 28, 192, 246
petroglyphs 72, 255, 266, 411–12
Pétursdóttir, Þóra 14–15, 320
Philippines 179
Phlegethon, river 177
phosphorus 97–8, 108
photography, low-light 141
photomultiplier tubes 59–60
photons 60
photosynthesis 97
Piave, river 180
pictograms 410, 411–12
Pierre Saint-Martin chasm 193–5
pit ponies 74
plastic waste 76–7, 320
plastiglomerate 320–21
Plura, Norway 197
Poe, Edgar Allan
‘A Descent into the Maelstrom’ 257, 306 – 8, 309–10, 311 – 12
The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket 309
polar bears 307, 344–5, 359
police
British Transport 164–5
‘cataflics’/‘catacops’ of Paris 137, 142, 143
pollarding 99
polyhalite 60
Polynices 192
Portbou 132, 134
Port-Mahon, models 148–9
Posidonius of Apamea 186
potash 60, 61, 62, 70, 71, 73
mine, Boulby 60–63, 69–74, 78–80
sylvite 60, 61, 71, 78
Potawatomi 111–12
poverty 150
powerlessness 150–51
preservation 27, 31, 120–21
through mummification 5
Priddy Nine Barrows 50–51, 52
Prynne, Jeremy 112
ptarmigan 269, 391–2
Pyrenees 193–5
quarries/quarrying 30, 120
mountain quarry vault, Wales 120–21
Odessa quarries and tunnels 158–9
Parisian limestone 138–9
quarry tunnels 139, 140, 141, 142, 143–5, 151–3, 158–9, 167–9
quarry voids 120–21, 138, 139, 141, 171
Rackham, Oliver 96
radioactivity
fungi thriving in radiation 102–3
global dispersion of artificial radionuclides 76
noise 59
photographic image in Sarcophagus 248
radioactive carbon isotope tracking 90
radioactive waste see nuclear/radioactive waste rainforest burning 76
Ravidat, Marcel 282
Refsvika, Norway 270–73
Reka-Timavo, river 179, 184, 185–9
Timavo springs 208–10
and Trebiciano 188, 202–10
Relativity, Einstein’s General Theory of 57
Restaino, Marco 187
Rievaulx Abbey 67
Rilke, Rainer Maria 181, 184
ringwoodite 45
Rising Star cave, South Africa 192
rivers, underground 177–210
of the Carso, Italy 179, 180, 184–9, 202–8
in classical literature 177–8
and karstic landscape 178–9
London’s ‘ghost rivers’ 164
and submerged cave systems 196–7
Robinson, Tim 29
rock art
Neanderthal 17
painted see wall paintings petroglyphs 72, 255, 266, 411–12
pictograms 410, 411–12
‘shooting star’ moments of discovery 275–6, 279–82
speculative study of 264–5
Roerich, Nicholas 309
Romans
cave temples 184
mining 30, 46
and Mithraism 184, 190
Rookhope 81
Rowley, Neil 60, 61–2, 69–74, 79–80
ruckles 47–9
Saami people 18, 266
Saints-Innocents, Cemetery of 139–40
Salk, Jonas 77
salt 63, 70, 210
halite see halite Sarcophagus 248
Scarry, Elaine 12
Scotland
Cairngorms 209, 235, 345
cleared valleys 230
cleared villages 272
sea ice 330, 331, 334–5, 336, 339–40, 354, 358, 362, 372, 379–80, 394
seas, buried in Earth’s mantle 44–5
Sebald, W. G. 229, 230
Sebeok, Thomas 412, 416
Second World War 159, 170, 185, 239
anti-tank trench 424
French Resistance 141, 170
Yugoslavia and the foibe massacres 185, 222–9, 417
see also Nazism seeds 123
Global Seed Vault, Spitsbergen 314, 409
seismic mapping 301–3, 304, 305, 322
septic tanks 150
Seven Sleepers of Ephesus 119–20
sewers 150, 171
shamans 266
Shaw, Dave 197–8
Sheldrake, Merlin 91–5, 96–7, 99, 100–101, 104, 106–11, 114–15, 381
shelter 8, 11–12, 119, 120–22, 236, 238
bunkers 141, 170, 309
see also hiding
Shepherd, Nan: The Living Mountain 235
Shirley, Don 198
Siachen glacier 329
Siberia 14
Sibyl 16
Siggy (Icelandic sailor) 334
silicosis 6
Simard, Suzanne 88–91, 96
sinkholes 29, 35, 178, 214–15
Blue Hole, Red Sea 198
in the Carso 180, 183, 185, 186, 188, 189
cenote 162, 179
collapsed 179, 186, 188, 218
dolines 179
foibe killings 185, 224–9, 417
fontis 139
in ice 221
Slovenian 185, 221, 222, 224–9, 417
Wild Apple-Tree Shaft 226–9
Skinner, John 51
Škocjan canyon 186
slag, toxic 46
slate mines 166
Slovene Home Guard 223, 227
Slovenia 213–42
glacier-cave system 215, 218–21
Julian Alps 185, 215, 217–24, 229, 230–42
and the Reka-Timavo 179, 185
and the Second World War and foibe massacres 222–9, 417
smallpox 329
smog-palls 76
smuggling 121–2, 159
snow geese 247–8
soda lime 42
soil 30, 88–9, 94, 97–8, 100, 108, 115
as a city 98, 115
fungal networks in see mycorrhizal fungi/networks solastalgia 317
solitude 6, 113
Solomon, Andrew 335
Solsem Cave 264
Somerset Levels 28, 46
South Africa
Bushman’s Hole 197
Rising Star cave 30–31, 192
South Dakota
subterranean laboratory 59–60
Wind Cave system 68, 192
Spain
Ario System 195–6
Guadarrama mountains 230–31
species loneliness 113
speleo-glaciology 357–8
Spenceley, Helen 331–2, 333, 335, 340, 346, 354, 358, 359, 370, 373, 377, 388, 390, 391, 393
Spenceley, Matt 331–2, 333, 334, 337, 341, 343, 345, 354, 358–9, 360, 361, 372, 374, 375, 376, 382, 384, 385, 386, 387, 388–9, 391, 393
Spitsbergen, Global Seed Vault 314, 409
springs 135, 178, 208–10, 423–5
stalactites 15, 25, 36, 121, 179, 188, 204, 209, 245, 248, 255, 279
stalagmites 188
Statham, Oliver ‘Bear’ 196
Statoil 295, 310
Stoermer, Eugene 75
Stoney Littleton 33
storing, underground 65–6
burial see burial
&
nbsp; of radioactive waste see nuclear/radioactive waste of valuable paintings 120–21
storm drains 150
Styx, river 177
subatomic particles 57, 58–60, 64–5, 66, 69, 81
sun 15
Sundance Fault 401
surge pipe network, Canada 154–5
Svalbard archipelago 290
Global Seed Vault 314, 409
Svetina, Ivan 186
swastikas 214, 222, 225, 227
sylvite 60, 61, 71, 78
symbiosis 97, 113
mutualism 89–91, 97–8, 109–10, 113
Symes, John Cleves 308–9
Symzonia: A Voyage of Discovery 309
Taipei 179
Tara (Greek singer) 115–16
Tartarus 177
Thailand, cave rescue 7–8, 17
Theresa (girl in mountain hut) 237–9
Theseus 191
‘thin places’ 270–71
Thomas, Edward 156–7
Timavo, river see Reka-Timavo, river time 14–15, 81
capsules 6–7
deep 15–16, 77–8, 341–2, 353, 362, 377
disjointed 14, 417
in glacial terrain 338–9, 386
ice and the blue of 338–9
moral responsibility and
perspectives on 15–16
notions of time liquidated by fungi and lichen 94
Time Projection Chamber, Boulby 64, 66, 81
Tlingit oral traditions 380
Toth, Christopher 63–5, 66–7, 68–9
tourism 142
trace fossils 79
Trebiciano, Abyss of 188, 200–208
trees
crown shyness 99
Epping Forest 91–6, 99–101, 104–6, 109, 114–16
inosculation 92
pollarding 99
response to climate change stress 103
and ‘understorey’ 95–6
and the ‘wood wide web’ of fungal networks 87–91, 93, 96, 97–8, 99–101, 103–5, 109–10, 116
Trieste 184–5, 186
Forty Days Yugoslav administration 223
Triglav 215
Troll’s Eye 264
Trongrun 299–300, 305–6, 312, 314
Tsing, Anna 98
tunnels 5–6, 7, 12, 61–2, 70–72, 75, 124, 134, 236–7, 239
Camp Century, Greenland 329–30
drift 61–2, 78
drilled for global resources hunt 312
under Paris 129, 131, 132, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143–5, 151–3, 167–9
quarry tunnels 139, 140, 141, 142, 143–5, 151–3, 158–9, 167–9
railway 132, 136
for smuggling 121–2
steam tunnels below London 163–4
Troll’s Eye 264
undersea 61–2, 71–2, 81, 296
Tuohimaa, Pasi 402–3, 404, 416, 417, 419
Tutankhamun’s tomb 411
Underground Astronauts 192
Underground Eiger 196
underland
activities see abseiling; burial; caves/caving; deep-mapping; mines/ mining; quarries/quarrying; seismic mapping; smuggling; storing, underground bias against depth 13
cataphilia 141–3
and the criminal underworld 159
see also smuggling
deep-mapping practices 17–18, 195