Combating the Good Combat – How to fight Terrorism with a Peacekeeping Mission
Copyright 2012 Rogerio Paiva Cietto
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. HISTORY OF PEACE OPERATIONS
2.1. PEACE OPERATIONS DURING THE COLD WAR
2.2. PEACE OPERATIONS FOLLOWING THE COLD WAR
2.3. RESSURGENCE OF PEACE OPERATIONS
3. INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW AND HUMAN RIGHTS LAW
4. TERRORISM, OLD AND NEW FORMS
4.1. DEFINITIONS OF TERRORISM
4.2. INTENTION OF TERRORISM
4.3. PEACEKEEPING AND TERRORISM
5. WHAT KIND OF CRIME IS TERRORISM?
6. ROLE OF LOCAL AND INTERNATIONAL COURTS OF JUSTICE
6.1. INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURTS
6.2. THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT
6.3. INTERNATIONALIZED CRIMINAL JURISDICTION
6.4. INTERNATIONAL JUSTICE AND PEACEKEEPING
7. THE UN CHARTER, PRINCIPLES AND ORGANS
7.1. THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY (GA)
7.2. THE SECURITY COUNCIL (SC)
7.3. THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL (ECOSOC)
7.4. THE TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL (TC)
7.5. THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE (ICJ)
7.6. THE SECRETARIAT AND THE SECRETARY GENERAL (SG)
8. UN EFFORTS AGAINST TERRORISM
9. THE ROLE OF INTELLIGENCE IN COUNTERTERRORISM
10. IHL: THE PROBLEM OR THE SOLUTION?
11. STATE SOVEREIGNTY: A SHIELD OR A TARGET?
CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ABSTRACT
This work discusses the new challenge that terrorism imposes on the international community in the Twenty First century, the international actors in position to tackle it, the instruments available to counter them, and the methods to implement them. After a brief description of the three generations of peace operations carried on by the United Nations and other international and regional actors, we will expose the legal framework for international relations concerning the use of force, that are, International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Law. Later, we will explain the threat to international peace and security that constitutes terrorism, its forms, methods and motivations, as well as its relations to peacekeeping. After, we will assume that terrorism should be considered a crime under international law, in order to punish their actors effectively. After a brief presentation of the UN System, and its organs related to peacekeeping and terrorism, we will discuss the efforts made so far to combat terror, especially the gathering of intelligence. In the end, we affirm the need to respect International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights, and also defend State Sovereignty, to fight terrorism in the long term. This research is based on an extensive research relying on an extended bibliography.
Keywords: Peace Operations. Terrorism. Human Rights. International Humanitarian Law.
RÉSUMÉ
Ce travail présente le nouveau défi que le terrorisme impose à la communauté internationale au XXIème siècle ainsi queles acteurs internationaux en mesure d’y faire face, les instruments disponibles pour les contrer, et les méthodes pour les mettre en œuvre. Après une brève description des trois générations des opérations de paix menées par les Nations Unies et par autres acteurs internationaux et régionaux, nous exposons le cadre juridique pour les relations internationales concernant l’usage de la force, quee sont le Droit internationale humanitaire et les Droits de l’homme. Plus tard, nous présenterons la menace à la paix et la sécurité internationales quee représente le terrorisme, ses formes, méthodes et motivations, ainsi que ses relations avec les opérations de paix. Par après, nous exposerons notre vision, à savoir que le terrorisme doit être considéré comme un crime de droit international, dans le but de punir ses acteurs de manière efficace. Après une présentation du système des Nations Unies, et ses organes dédiés à la paix et au terrorisme, nous discuterons des efforts déployés jusqu’ici pour lutter contre la terreur, en particulier les efforts liés à la collecte d’intelligence (au renseignement). Pour finaliser, nous réaffirmerons la nécessité de respecter le Droit international humanitaire et les Droits de l’homme, et aussi défendre la souveraineté de l’ État, pour combattre le terrorisme sur le long terme. Notre recherche repose sur une bibliographie et une documentation exhaustive.
Mot-clés: Opérations de Paix. Terrorisme. Droits de l’Homme. Droit international humanitaire.
DEDICATORY
This study is offered, firstly, to God, who allowed the achievement of our goals and looked after for each and every detail. My sincere thanks to my family, Camila, Maísa and Alessa, for every moment I had to be absent, due to meetings and countless days in front of books and computers, and also for the daily support and help, which provided essential conditions for the accomplishment of this work.
Mes sincères remerciements pour M. Yvan Connoir, de lUQAM et du Peace Operations Training Institute (POTI), pour l’orientation et avis sur cette travail.
My thanks to Col Nolasco, Col Lamim and Col Napolis, from the Brazilian Battalion in Haiti, for all support, experiences and examples.
“The right of war, therefore, is derived from necessity and strict justice. If those who direct the conscience or councils of princes do not abide by this maxim, the consequence is dreadful: when they proceed on arbitrary principles of glory, convenience and utility, torrents of blood must overspread the earth” Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws. Université de Nice, 2010.
TABLE OF ACRONYMS
ACAnte Christum (Latin)
COLColonel
COTIPSOCertificate of Training in Peace Support Operations
CTCounter Terrorism
CTCCounter Terrorism Committee
CTEDCounter Terrorism Executive Directorate
DPKODepartment of Peacekeeping Operations
DDADepartment for Disarmament Affairs
DPADepartment of Political Affairs
ECOSOCEconomic and Social Council
FBIFederal Bureau of Investigation
FCEForces Conventionnelles en Europe (French)
GAGeneral Assembly
ICCInternational Criminal Court
ICCPRInternational Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
ICJInternational Court of Justice
ICTRInternational Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
ICTYInternational Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
IHLInternational Humanitarian Law
ISAFInternational Security Assistance Force
LoACLaw of Armed Conflict
MBAMaster of Business Administration
MOMilitary Observers
MINUSTAHMission de Nations Unies pour la Stabilisation d’Haïti (French)
NSANational Security Agency
OASOrganization of American States
OCHAOffice for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
ODCCPOffice for Drug Control and Crime Prevention
ONUCOpération des Nations Unies au Congo
ONUCAObservadores de las Naciones Unidas en Centroamerica (Spanish)
ResResolution
ROERules of Engagement
SALTStrategic Arms Limitation Talks
SCSecurity Council
SGSecretary General
STARTStrategic Arms Reduction Treaty
TCTrusteeship Council
TCCTroop Contributing Countries
TSPTerrorist Surveillance Program
UN United Nations
UNAVEMUnited Nations Verification Mission in Angola
UNIFILUnited Nations Interim Force in Lebanon
UNIIMOGUnited Nations Iran-Iraq Military Observer Group
UNGOMAPUnited Nations Good Offices Mission in Afghanistan and Pakistan
UNMIKUnited Nations Mission in Kosovo
UNMILUnited Nations Mission in Liberia
UNTAETUnited Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor
UNTSOUnited Nations Truce Supervision Organization in Palestine
USAUnited States of America
USSRUnion of Soviet Socialist Republics
1. INTRODUCTION
During the time this paper was written, the War on Terror (Declared by George W. Bush in Sep, 12th , 2001, 10h53m Washington time, ) carried out by some Western countries had made public what they called a major success in this mission: the death of Osama Bin Laden in Pakistan, leader of the organization called Al Qa’ida, and the dismantlement of his organization. Other factions supported by Al Qa’ida, like the Talebans in Afghanistan, are also said to be weakened and demoralized.
It seems contradictory that, after this so-called success in the War on Terror, initiated after the events occurred in September 11th, 2001, international peace and security are still threatened by retaliatory attacks of terrorist groups. Maybe this mission in Pakistan provided what terrorists need most: a martyr to mirror themselves, and ideals that, although corrupt, still motivate many to die and to kill.
Besides, the allegations of human rights violations of